Research

The lithium-ion battery is currently the most important type of battery among the rechargeable high-performance batteries. While small lithium-ion batteries are already being used commercially in consumer electronics, electrical tools, hybrid vehicles, and electric cars, the commercial use of larger energy storage units is still in its early stages. The maximum storage capacity of conventional lithium-ion batteries has, however, nearly been reached. In order to achieve advances in performance, it is therefore necessary to press ahead with the development of new storage material and approaches. New electrochemical pairings and new ideas for an even more compact design are needed to achieve another significant jump in energy density.

LI-Batteries
Post-LI-Batteries
Alternative Storage
Publications

Lithium-ion batteries

Post-lithium batteries

Lithium-ion and metal hydride batteries are established systems that are currently being successfully employed for energy storage in electrically powered applications. In order to make future devices safer, less expensive, more sustainable, and more powerful, global research is looking for alternatives to the current systems. Lithium is supposed to be replaced by other elements which can also make bidirectional batteries possible. In order to attain this goal it is necessary for us to develop anew all the components of the battery and to acquire an understanding of the electrochemical processes. Of the four new types of batteries that are currently the object of international research, which are based on using magnesium, sodium, chloride, or fluoride as the charge carriers, two (the chloride-ion and fluoride-ion batteries) were first presented by HIU. HIU developed the electrolyte that is currently the best for use in a magnesium battery; this has also made it possible to build the first reversibly working magnesium-sulfur cells with extended cycles. With the exception of the sodium-ion battery, all of these systems have the potential of achieving markedly higher energy storage densities than the present lithium-ion batteries. HIU has played a pioneering role in these new fields of research.

Alternative electrochemical storage and conversion devices

Fuel cells are among the enabling technologies toward a safe, reliable, and sustainable energy solution. Yet the lack of clean hydrogen sources and a sizable hydrogen infrastructure limits the fuel-cell applications today. Due to their elevated operating temperature, between 150°C and 180°C, high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) based on phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (H3PO4/PBI) membranes can tolerate fuel contaminants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) without considerable performance loss. These are typical byproducts of the steam reforming process, which produces hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels such as methanol or natural gas. So it is an appealing concept to couple a HT-PEMFC stack directly with a fuel processor, which can be used as auxiliary power units (APUs). These APUs use the fossil fuel resources more efficiently and help reduce emission of CO2. This might also be a good strategy for the wide deployment of fuel cells before the hydrogen infrastructure is established. The fuel cell system’s efficiency can be further increased by reusing the exhaust heat produced during electrical power generation.
The slow oxygen reduction reaction in concentrated phosphoric acid remains a major technological challenge for future development of HT-PEMFCs. The slow reaction rate is believed to be related to strong adsorption of phosphoric acid species on the surface of the platinum catalyst. It is generally accepted that adsorption of molecular or anionic species from the concentrated phosphoric acid electrolyte hinders ORR by blocking active sites on the catalyst surface. To gain a better understanding of the adsorption mechanisms we conduct systematic studies employing various types of perfluoroalkylated derivatives of phosphoric acid. We evaluated these model electrolytes for their adsorption behavior and influence on ORR on a polycrystalline platinum surface.

2021

Investigation of Parameters Influencing the Producibility of Anodes for Sodium-Ion Battery Cells.
Hofmann, J.; Wurba, A.-K.; Bold, B.; Maliha, S.; Schollmeyer, P.; Fleischer, J.; Klemens, J.; Scharfer, P.; Schabel, W.
2021. Production at the leading edge of technology – Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the German Academic Association for Production Technology (WGP), Dresden, 23-24 September 2020. Ed.: B.-A. Behrens, 171–181, Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62138-7_18

Recent developments and future perspectives of anionic batteries.
Karkera, G.; Reddy, M. A.; Fichtner, M.
2021. Journal of power sources, 481, Art.Nr. 228877. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228877

Investigation of “Na $_{2 / 3}$ Co $_{2 / 3}$ Ti $_{1 / 3}$ O $_{2}$ ” as a multi-phase positive electrode material for sodium batteries.
Sabi, N.; Sarapulova, A.; Indris, S.; Dsoke, S.; Trouillet, V.; Mereacre, L.; Ehrenberg, H.; Saadoune, I.
2021. Journal of power sources, 481, Article: 229120. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229120

Effect of conductivity on the electromigration-induced morphological evolution of islands with high symmetries of surface diffusional anisotropy.
Santoki, J.; Mukherjee, A.; Schneider, D.; Nestler, B.
2021. Journal of applied physics, 129 (2), Article no: 025110. doi:10.1063/5.0033228

Microstructure evolution and intermediate phase-induced varying solubility limits and stress reduction behavior in sodium ion batteries particles of NaᵪFePO $_{4}$ (0< $^{ᵪ}$ <1 ).
Zhang, T.; Kamlah, M.
2021. Journal of power sources, 483, Article: 229187. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229187

2020

Molecular Vanadium Oxides for Energy Conversion and Energy Storage: Current Trends and Emerging Opportunities.
Anjass, M.; Lowe, G. A.; Streb, C.
2020. Angewandte Chemie / International edition, anie.202010577. doi:10.1002/anie.202010577

ORR and OER on Ni-modified Co3O4(111) Cathodes for Zn-Air Batteries - A Combined Surface Science and Electrochemical Model Study.
Behm, R. J.; Buchner, F.; Eckardt, M.; Böhler, T.; Kim, J.; Gerlach, J.; Schnaidt, J.
2020. ChemSusChem, 13 (12), 3199–3211. doi:10.1002/cssc.202000503

Exploring the Structure–Activity Relationship on Platinum Nanoparticles.
Braunwarth, L.; Jung, C.; Jacob, T.
2020. Topics in catalysis. doi:10.1007/s11244-020-01324-w

Screening of Charge Carrier Migration in the MgSc2Se4 Spinel Structure.
Dillenz, M.; Sotoudeh, M.; Euchner, H.; Groß, A.
2020. Frontiers in energy research, 8, Article no: 584654. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2020.584654

Stripping and Plating a Magnesium Metal Anode in Bromide‐Based Non‐Nucleophilic Electrolytes.
Dongmo, S.; Zaubitzer, S.; Schüler, P.; Krieck, S.; Jörissen, L.; Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens, M.; Westerhausen, M.; Marinaro, M.
2020. ChemSusChem, 13 (13), 3530–3538. doi:10.1002/cssc.202000249

Modeling of Ion Agglomeration in Magnesium Electrolytes and its Impacts on Battery Performance.
Drews, J.; Danner, T.; Jankowski, P.; Vegge, T.; García Lastra, J. M.; Liu, R.; Zhao‐Karger, Z.; Fichtner, M.; Latz, A.
2020. ChemSusChem, 13 (14), 3599–3604. doi:10.1002/cssc.202001034

Influence of Additives on the Reversible Oxygen Reduction Reaction/Oxygen Evolution Reaction in the Mg²⁺‐Containing Ionic Liquid N ‐Butyl‐N ‐Methylpyrrolidinium Bis(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.
Eckardt, M.; Alwast, D.; Schnaidt, J.; Behm, R. J.
2020. ChemSusChem, 13. doi:10.1002/cssc.202000672

Controlled-Atmosphere Flame Fusion Growth of Nickel Poly-oriented Spherical Single Crystals—Unraveling Decades of Impossibility.
Esau, D.; Schuett, F. M.; Varvaris, K. L.; Björk, J.; Jacob, T.; Jerkiewicz, G.
2020. Electrocatalysis, 11 (1), 1–13. doi:10.1007/s12678-019-00575-w

Magnesium Batteries: Research and Applications.
Fichtner, M.
2020. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). doi:10.1039/9781788016407

Microscopic Properties of Na and Li—A First Principle Study of Metal Battery Anode Materials.
Gaissmaier, D.; Borg, M.; Fantauzzi, D.; Jacob, T.
2020. ChemSusChem, 13 (4), 771–783. doi:10.1002/cssc.201902860

Phase transformation, charge transfer, and ionic diffusion of Na $_{4}$ MnV(PO $_{4}$ ) $_{3}$ in sodium-ion batteries: a combined first-principles and experimental study.
Gao, X.; Lian, R.; He, L.; Fu, Q.; Indris, S.; Schwarz, B.; Wang, X.; Chen, G.; Ehrenberg, H.; Wei, Y.
2020. Journal of materials chemistry / A, 8 (34), 17477–17486. doi:10.1039/d0ta05929c

Dynamics of porous and amorphous magnesium borohydride to understand solid state Mg-ion-conductors.
Heere, M.; Hansen, A.-L.; Payandeh, S. H.; Aslan, N.; Gizer, G.; Sørby, M. H.; Hauback, B. C.; Pistidda, C.; Dornheim, M.; Lohstroh, W.
2020. Scientific reports, 10 (1), Article No. 9080. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65857-6

Investigation of N and S Co-doped Porous Carbon for Sodium-Ion Battery, Synthesized by Using Ammonium Sulphate for Simultaneous Activation and Heteroatom Doping.
Ikram, S.; Dsoke, S.; Sarapulova, A.; Müller, M.; Rana, U. A.; Siddiqi, H. M.
2020. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167 (10), Article: 100531. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ab9a01

Inactive materials matter: How binder amounts affect the cycle life of graphite electrodes in potassium-ion batteries.
Jeschull, F.; Maibach, J.
2020. Electrochemistry communications, 121, Article no: 106874. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106874

Properties and Structural Arrangements of the Electrode Material CuDEPP during Energy Storage.
Jung, C. K.; Stottmeister, D.; Jacob, T.
2020. Energy technology. doi:10.1002/ente.202000388

Interaction between Li, Ultrathin Adsorbed Ethylene Carbonate Films, and CoO(111) Thin Films: A Model Study of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation at CoO Anodes.
Kim, J.; Buchner, F.; Behm, R. J.
2020. The journal of physical chemistry <Washington, DC> / C, 124 (39), 21476–21490. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c06015

Entropy Changes upon Double Layer Charging at a (111)-Textured Au Film in Pure 1-Butyl-1-Methylpyrrolidinium Bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide Ionic Liquid.
Lindner, J.; Weick, F.; Endres, F.; Schuster, R.
2020. The journal of physical chemistry <Washington, DC> / C, 124 (1), 693–700. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b09871

A 3d-printed composite electrode for sustained electrocatalytic oxygen evolution.
Liu, S.; Liu, R.; Gao, D.; Trentin, I.; Streb, C.
2020. Chemical communications, 56 (60), 8476–8479. doi:10.1039/D0CC03579C

Multi‐Electron Reactions enabled by Anion‐Based Redox Chemistry for High‐Energy Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries.
Li, Z.; Vinayan, B. P.; Jankowski, P.; Njel, C.; Roy, A.; Vegge, T.; Maibach, J.; Lastra, J. M. G.; Fichtner, M.; Zhao‐Karger, Z.
2020. Angewandte Chemie / International edition, 59 (28), 11483–11490. doi:10.1002/anie.202002560

Rechargeable Calcium–Sulfur Batteries Enabled by an Efficient Borate-Based Electrolyte.
Li, Z.; Vinayan, B. P.; Diemant, T.; Behm, R. J.; Fichtner, M.; Zhao-Karger, Z.
2020. Small, 16 (39), Art.-Nr.: 2001806. doi:10.1002/smll.202001806

Copper Porphyrin as a Stable Cathode for High‐Performance Rechargeable Potassium Organic Batteries.
Lv, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, Z.; Gao, P.; Shu, H.; Yang, X.; Liu, E.; Tan, S.; Ruben, M.; Zhao‐Karger, Z.; Fichtner, M.
2020. ChemSusChem, 13 (9), 2286–2294. doi:10.1002/cssc.202000425

Molecular Scylla and Charybdis: Maneuvering between pH Sensitivity and Excited-State Localization in Ruthenium Bi(benz)imidazole Complexes.
Mengele, A. K.; Müller, C.; Nauroozi, D.; Kupfer, S.; Dietzek, B.; Rau, S.
2020. Inorganic chemistry, 59 (17), 12097–12110. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01022

Electrochemical Performance of Carbon Modified LiNiPO: as Li-Ion Battery Cathode: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study.
Nasir, M. H.; Janjua, N. K.; Santoki, J.
2020. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167 (13), 130526. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abb83d

Understanding the mechanism of byproduct formation within operandosynchrotron techniques and its effects on the electrochemical performance of VO $_{2}$ (B) nanoflakes in aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries.
Pang, Q.; Zhao, H.; Lian, R.; Fu, Q.; Wei, Y.; Sarapulova, A.; Sun, J.; Wang, C.; Chen, G.; Ehrenberg, H.
2020. Journal of materials chemistry / A, 8 (19), 9567–9578. doi:10.1039/d0ta00858c

New maximally disordered – High entropy intermetallic phases (MD-HEIP) of the Gd $_{1 - x}$ La $_{x}$ Sn $_{2 - y}$ Sb $_{y}$ M $_{z}$ (M=Li, Na, Mg): Synthesis, structure and some properties.
Pavlyuk, V.; Balińska, A.; Rożdżyńska-Kiełbik, B.; Pavlyuk, N.; Dmytriv, G.; Stetskiv, A.; Indris, S.; Schwarz, B.; Ehrenberg, H.
2020. Journal of alloys and compounds, 838, Art. Nr.: 155643. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155643

Choosing the right carbon additive is of vital importance for high-performance Sb-based Na-ion batteries.
Pfeifer, K.; Arnold, S.; Budak, Ö.; Luo, X.; Presser, V.; Ehrenberg, H.; Dsoke, S.
2020. Journal of materials chemistry / A, 2020 (8), 6092–6104. doi:10.1039/D0TA00254B

The Interaction Between Electrolytes and Sb2O3–based Electrodes in Sodium Batteries: Uncovering Detrimental Effects of Diglyme.
Pfeifer, K.; Greenstein, M. F.; Aurbach, D.; Luo, X.; Ehrenberg, H.; Dsoke, S.
2020. ChemElectroChem, 7 (16), 3487–3495. doi:10.1002/celc.202000894

Controlled‐Atmosphere Flame Fusion Single‐Crystal Growth of Non‐Noble fcc, hcp, and bcc Metals Using Copper, Cobalt, and Iron.
Schuett, F. M.; Esau, D.; Varvaris, K. L.; Gelman, S.; Björk, J.; Rosen, J.; Jerkiewicz, G.; Jacob, T.
2020. Angewandte Chemie / International edition, 59 (32), 13246–13252. doi:10.1002/anie.201915389

Strain Dependence of Metal Anode Surface Properties.
Stottmeister, D.; Groß, A.
2020. ChemSusChem, 13 (12), 3147–3153. doi:10.1002/cssc.202000709

Surface Science and Electrochemical Model Studies on the Interaction of Graphite and Li‐Containing Ionic Liquids.
Weber, I.; Kim, J.; Buchner, F.; Schnaidt, J.; Behm, R. J.
2020. ChemSusChem. doi:10.1002/cssc.202000495

Mechanically Coupled Phase-Field Modeling of Microstructure Evolution in Sodium Ion Batteries Particles of NaₓFePO₄.
Zhang, T.; Kamlah, M.
2020. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167 (2), Art. Nr.: 020508. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ab645a

Heat Generation in NMC622 Coin Cells during Electrochemical Cycling: Separation of Reversible and Irreversible Heat Effects.
Zhao, W.; Rohde, M.; Mohsin, I. U.; Ziebert, C.; Seifert, H. J.
2020. Batteries, 6 (4), Article: 55. doi:10.3390/batteries6040055

2019

Exploratory multi-criteria decision analysis of utility-scale battery storage technologies for multiple grid services based on life cycle approaches.
Baumann, M.; Peters, J.; Weil, M.
2019. Energy technology, 1901019. doi:10.1002/ente.201901019

Modeling the effective conductivity of the solid and the pore phase in granular materials using resistor networks.
Birkholz, O.; Gan, Y.; Kamlah, M.
2019. Powder technology, 351, 54–65. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2019.04.005

Interaction between Li, Ultrathin Adsorbed Ionic Liquid Films, and CoO(111) Thin Films: A Model Study of the Solid|Electrolyte Interphase Formation.
Buchner, F.; Forster-Tonigold, K.; Kim, J.; Bansmann, J.; Groß, A.; Behm, R. J.
2019. Chemistry of materials, 31 (15), 5537–5549. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01253

A Lithium‐Free Energy‐Storage Device Based on an Alkyne‐Substituted‐Porphyrin Complex.
Chen, Z.; Gao, P.; Wang, W.; Klyatskaya, S.; Zhao‐Karger, Z.; Wang, D.; Kübel, C.; Fuhr, O.; Fichtner, M.; Ruben, M.
2019. ChemSusChem, 12 (16), 3737–3741. doi:10.1002/CSSC.201901541

Difference in Electrochemical Mechanism of SnO₂ Conversion in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: Combined in Operando and Ex Situ XAS Investigations.
Dixon, D.; Ávila, M.; Ehrenberg, H.; Bhaskar, A.
2019. ACS omega, 4 (6), 9731–9738. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b00563

Exploits, advances and challenges benefiting beyond Li-ion battery technologies.
El Kharbachi, A.; Zavorotynska, O.; Latroche, M.; Cuevas, F.; Yartys, V.; Fichtner, M.
2019. Journal of alloys and compounds, 817, Article no: 153261. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153261

Influence of electric fields on metal self-diffusion barriers and its consequences on dendrite growth in batteries.
Jäckle, M.; Groß, A.
2019. The journal of chemical physics, 151 (23), Article no: 234707. doi:10.1063/1.5133429

Surface chemistry and electrochemistry of an ionic liquid and lithium on Li₄Ti₅O₁₂(111) - A model study of the anode|electrolyte interface.
Kim, J.; Weber, I.; Buchner, F.; Schnaidt, J.; Behm, R. J.
2019. The journal of chemical physics, 151 (13), Article no: 134704. doi:10.1063/1.5119765

Towards stable and efficient electrolytes for room-temperature rechargeable calcium batteries.
Li, Z.; Fuhr, O.; Fichtner, M.; Zhao-Karger, Z.
2019. Energy & environmental science, 12 (12), 3496–3501. doi:10.1039/c9ee01699f

Hetero-layered MoS2/C composites enabling ultrafast and durable Na storage [in press].
Li, Z.; Liu, S.; Vinayan, B. P.; Zhao-Karger, Z.; Diemant, T.; Wang, K.; Behm, R. J.; Kübel, C.; Klingeler, R.; Fichtner, M.
2019. Energy storage materials. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.05.042

Direct Conversion of CO₂ to Multi-Layer Graphene using Cu–Pd Alloys.
Molina-Jirón, C.; Chellali, M. R.; Kumar, C. N. S.; Kübel, C.; Velasco, L.; Hahn, H.; Moreno-Pineda, E.; Ruben, M.
2019. ChemSusChem, 12 (15), 3509–3514. doi:10.1002/cssc.201901404

Ni $_{0.5}$ TiOPO $_{4}$ phosphate: Sodium insertion mechanism and electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries.
Nassiri, A.; Sabi, N.; Sarapulova, A.; Dahbi, M.; Indris, S.; Ehrenberg, H.; Saadoune, I.
2019. Journal of power sources, 418, 211–217. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.02.038

Interface in Solid-State Lithium Battery: Challenges, Progress, and Outlook.
Pervez, S. A.; Cambaz, M. A.; Thangadurai, V.; Fichtner, M.
2019. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 11 (25), 22029–22050. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b02675

Can Metallic Sodium Electrodes Affect the Electrochemistry of Sodium‐Ion Batteries? Reactivity Issues and Perspectives.
Pfeifer, K.; Arnold, S.; Becherer, J.; Das, C.; Maibach, J.; Ehrenberg, H.; Dsoke, S.
2019. ChemSusChem, 12 (14), 3312–3319. doi:10.1002/cssc.201901056

Electromigration in Lithium Whisker Formation Plays Insignificant Role during Electroplating.
Rulev, A. A.; Sergeev, A. V.; Yashina, L. V.; Jacob, T.; Itkis, D. M.
2019. ChemElectroChem, 6 (5), 1324–1328. doi:10.1002/celc.201801652

Evidence of a Pseudo-Capacitive Behavior Combined with an Insertion/Extraction Reaction Upon Cycling of the Positive Electrode Material P2-Na x Co 0.9 Ti 0.1 O 2 for Sodium-ion Batteries.
Sabi, N.; Sarapulova, A.; Indris, S.; Dsoke, S.; Zhao, Z.; Dahbi, M.; Ehrenberg, H.; Saadoune, I.
2019. ChemElectroChem, 6 (3), 892–903. doi:10.1002/celc.201801870

Role of conductivity on the electromigration-induced morphological evolution of inclusions in {110}-oriented single crystal metallic thin films.
Santoki, J.; Mukherjee, A.; Schneider, D.; Nestler, B.
2019. Journal of applied physics, 126 (16), Article No.165305. doi:10.1063/1.5119714

A quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering study of the alkaline and alkaline-earth borohydrides LiBH 4 and Mg(BH 4 ) 2 and the mixture LiBH 4 + Mg(BH 4 ) 2.
Silvi, L.; Zhao-Karger, Z.; Röhm, E.; Fichtner, M.; Petry, W.; Lohstroh, W.
2019. Physical chemistry, chemical physics, 21 (2), 718–728. doi:10.1039/c8cp04316g

Insights into the electrochemical processes of rechargeable magnesium–sulfur batteries with a new cathode design.
Vinayan, B. P.; Euchner, H.; Zhao-Karger, Z.; Cambaz, M. A.; Li, Z.; Diemant, T.; Behm, R. J.; Gross, A.; Fichtner, M.
2019. Journal of materials chemistry / A, 7 (44), 25490–25502. doi:10.1039/c9ta09155f

MgSc $_{2}$ Se $_{4}$ - A Magnesium Solid Ionic Conductor for All-Solid-State Mg Batteries?.
Wang, L.-P.; Zhao-Karger, Z.; Klein, F.; Chable, J.; Braun, T.; Schür, A. R.; Wang, C.-R.; Guo, Y.-G.; Fichtner, M.
2019. ChemSusChem, 12 (10), 2286–2293. doi:10.1002/cssc.201900225

Beyond Intercalation Chemistry for Rechargeable Mg Batteries: A Short Review and Perspective.
Zhao-Karger, Z.; Fichtner, M.
2019. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, Article: 656. doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00656

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